Curso II – SISSA

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación con datos in-situ

Objetivo y contenido

Objetivo: Fusionar productos de precipitación con datos de estaciones

¿Por qué fusionar productos de precipitación y datos de estaciones?
Consideraciones a tener en cuenta
Metodología de fusión
Ejemplo de fusión de productos de precipitación con datos de estaciones

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación

La fusión de productos de precipitación con datos in-situ tiene como objetivo combinar y aprovechar la información proporcionada por ambos tipos de datos para mejorar la calidad y la resolución espacial de las estimaciones de precipitación.

Existen varias razones por las cuales se fusionan los productos de precipitación con los datos in-situ:

Complementariedad de datos

Mejora de la resolución espacial

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación

En el ejemplo de fusión de productos de precipitación con datos in-situ, se aplicará una metodología específica para combinar los datos y se mostrará cómo se pueden obtener estimaciones de precipitación mejoradas utilizando ambos tipos de datos.

Consideraciones

La fusión de productos de precipitación con datos in-situ requiere considerar varios puntos:

homogeneidad de las fuentes de datos,
calidad y confiabilidad de los datos in-situ

Se pueden utilizar diferentes enfoques de fusión, como métodos estadísticos, interpolación espacial o modelos de fusión.

Metodología

Baez-Villanueva et al., (2020)

Ejemplo de fusión de productos de precipitación con datos de estaciones

Ejemplo

En este ejemplo, fusionaremos dos productos de precipitación (CHIRPSv2 y PERSIANN-CDR) con estaciones in situ en Valparaíso, Chile siguiendo la metodología de RF-MEP y evaluaremos distintas covariables espaciales.

Paso 1: Cargar los paquetes necesarios:

library(zoo)
library(terra)
library(randomForest)

Paso 2: Cargar los datos de las estaciones y el shapefile del área de estudio. Para esto, almacenaremos las rutas de los archivos:

observations <- 'C:/Users/Data/Timeseries.zoo'
metadata     <- 'C:/Users/Data/Metadata.csv'
shape        <- 'C:/Users/Data/Valparaiso.shp'

En este paso, estamos especificando las rutas de los archivos de datos de las estaciones y del shapefile del área de estudio. Asegúrate de proporcionar las rutas correctas a tus archivos correspondientes.

Podemos utilizar la función read.zoo del paquete zoo para importar las series temporales, la función read.csv para importar los metadatos y la función vect del paquete terra para importar el shapefile.

observations <- read.zoo(observations, header = TRUE)
metadata     <- read.csv(metadata)
shape        <- vect(shape)

Paso 3: Ahora podemos cargar los datos diarios de los productos de precipitación y el modelo digital de elevación. Para esto, almacenaremos las rutas de los archivos correspondientes.

chirps        <- 'C:/Users/Data/P_products/CHIRPS5km.tif'
persiann_cdr  <- 'C:/Users/Data/P_products/PERSIANNcdr5km.tif'
dem           <- 'C:/Users/Data/DEM/ValparaisoDEM5km.tif'

Podemos utilizar la función rast del paquete terra para importar los productos de precipitación (archivos multibanda) y el DEM.

chirps        <- rast(chirps)
persiann_cdr  <- rast(persiann_cdr)
dem           <- rast(dem)
print(chirps)
## class       : SpatRaster 
## dimensions  : 40, 38, 243  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
## resolution  : 0.05, 0.05  (x, y)
## extent      : -71.85, -69.95, -34, -32  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84 (EPSG:4326) 
## source      : CHIRPS5km.tif 
## names       : CHIRPS5km_1, CHIRPS5km_2, CHIRPS5km_3, CHIRPS5km_4, CHIRPS5km_5, CHIRPS5km_6, ...
print(persiann_cdr)
## class       : SpatRaster 
## dimensions  : 40, 38, 243  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
## resolution  : 0.05, 0.05  (x, y)
## extent      : -71.85, -69.95, -34, -32  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84 (EPSG:4326) 
## source      : PERSIANNcdr5km.tif 
## names       : PERSI~5km_1, PERSI~5km_2, PERSI~5km_3, PERSI~5km_4, PERSI~5km_5, PERSI~5km_6, ...
print(dem)
## class       : SpatRaster 
## dimensions  : 40, 38, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
## resolution  : 0.05, 0.05  (x, y)
## extent      : -71.85, -69.95, -34, -32  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84 (EPSG:4326) 
## source      : ValparaisoDEM5km.tif 
## name        : ValparaisoDEM5km 
## min value   :          11.4891 
## max value   :        5123.8408

Los dos archivos GeoTiff multibanda proporcionados no almacenan la fecha de la estimación de precipitación. Por lo tanto, antes de realizar cualquier análisis exploratorio, es necesario asignar nombres significativos a cada banda. Esto nos permitirá tener una mejor idea de las fechas asociadas a cada capa y facilitará el análisis posterior de los datos.

ldates <- hydroTSM::dip("1983-01-01", "1983-08-31")
## The legacy packages maptools, rgdal, and rgeos, underpinning the sp package,
## which was just loaded, will retire in October 2023.
## Please refer to R-spatial evolution reports for details, especially
## https://r-spatial.org/r/2023/05/15/evolution4.html.
## It may be desirable to make the sf package available;
## package maintainers should consider adding sf to Suggests:.
## The sp package is now running under evolution status 2
##      (status 2 uses the sf package in place of rgdal)
## Please note that 'maptools' will be retired during October 2023,
## plan transition at your earliest convenience (see
## https://r-spatial.org/r/2023/05/15/evolution4.html and earlier blogs
## for guidance);some functionality will be moved to 'sp'.
##  Checking rgeos availability: FALSE
names(chirps)             <- ldates
names(persiann_cdr)       <- ldates
terra::time(chirps)       <- ldates
terra::time(persiann_cdr) <- ldates

A continuación, queremos visualizar las primeras y últimas seis filas de los metadatos espaciales:

head(metadata)
##       Code      lon      lat            NOM_REG  NOM_PROV COD_COM     NOM_COM
## 1 P5101005 -70.8000 -32.0836 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 2 P5111002 -71.0300 -32.1567 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 3 P5101006 -70.7833 -32.1836 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 4 P5100006 -70.7839 -32.2261 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 5 P5100005 -70.7100 -32.2286 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 6 P5111001 -71.1386 -32.2528 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
tail(metadata)
##        Code      lon      lat            NOM_REG  NOM_PROV COD_COM     NOM_COM
## 29 P5427006 -71.2144 -33.0986 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 30 P5510002 -71.5553 -33.1450 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 31 P5741002 -71.1467 -33.1686 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 32 P5530002 -71.6250 -33.5747 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 33 P5748003 -71.5106 -33.6344 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
## 34  P330030 -71.6142 -33.6550 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban

Ahora podemos graficar la serie temporal diaria de precipitación para la primera estación (código: P5101005).

main <- paste("Precipitación diaria para la estación", metadata$Code[1])
ylab <- "Precipitación [mm]"
x_ts <- observations[,1]
#plot(x.ts, main=main, ylab= ylab, col="blue")
hydroTSM::hydroplot(x_ts, pfreq="o", main=main, ylab= ylab)
## [Note: pfreq='o' => ptype has been changed to 'ts']
grid()

Podemos graficar las estimaciones de precipitación acumulada para los primeros ocho meses de 1983 de CHIRPS y PERSIANN-CDR, y superponer los límites del área de estudio:

chirps_total   <- sum(chirps, na.rm= FALSE)
persiann_total <- sum(persiann_cdr, na.rm= FALSE)

plot(chirps_total, main = "CHIRPSv2 [Enero - Agosto] ", xlab = "Longitud", ylab = "Latitud")
lines(shape)

plot(persiann_total, main = "PERSIANN-CDR [Enero - Agosto] ", xlab = "Longitud", ylab = "Latitud")
lines(shape)

Paso 4: Convertir el objeto metadata en un objeto espacial. Para esto, lo transformatemos en un SpatVect utilizando los campos de latitud y longitud, almacenados en las columnas lat y lon:

stations <- vect(metadata, geom = c('lon', 'lat'), crs = 4326)
## Warning: [vect] Cannot set SRS to vector: empty srs
print(stations)
##  class       : SpatVector 
##  geometry    : points 
##  dimensions  : 34, 5  (geometries, attributes)
##  extent      : -71.625, -70.4719, -33.655, -32.0836  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
##  coord. ref. :  
##  names       :     Code            NOM_REG  NOM_PROV COD_COM     NOM_COM
##  type        :    <chr>              <chr>     <chr>   <int>       <chr>
##  values      : P5101005 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
##                P5111002 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban
##                P5101006 Regin de Valparaso Los Andes    5304 San Esteban

Ahora podemos graficar el DEM con las ubicaciones de las estaciones pluviométricas que se utilizarán en el cálculo de RF-MEP, y superponiendo los límites del área de estudio y las estaciones:

plot(dem, main="SRTM-v4", xlab="Longitud", ylab="Latitud", col=terrain.colors(255))
lines(shape)
points(stations, pch = 16, col="black")

Paso 5: Queremos producir un producto fusionado de precipitación desde el 1 de enero hasta el 31 de agosto de 1983 (243 días). Por lo tanto revisaremos la longitud de los productos.

nlyr(chirps)
## [1] 243
nlyr(chirps) == nlyr(persiann_cdr)
## [1] TRUE
nlyr(chirps) == nrow(observations)
## [1] TRUE

Además, revisaremos la extensión espacial y la resolución espacial de los productos.

ext(chirps) == ext(persiann_cdr)
## [1] TRUE
res(chirps) == res(persiann_cdr)
## [1] TRUE TRUE

Paso 6: Ahora separaremos los datos en dos sets, uno de entrenamiento y otro de evaluación. Para esto usaremos la función seed para obtener resultados reproducibles. Utilizaremos la función sample para obtener posiciones pseudoaleatorias con las que seleccionaremos los datos de entrenamiento (80% de los datos totales):

set.seed(28)
n_estaciones <- nrow(metadata)
training_pos <- sample(1:n_estaciones, size = round(0.8 * n_estaciones, 0))
training_pos <- sort(training_pos)
print(training_pos)
##  [1]  1  2  3  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 23 24 26 27 29 30 31 32
## [26] 33 34

Después de obtener las posiciones, podemos separar los datos en datos de entrenamiento y evaluación:

training_observations   <- observations[,training_pos]
evaluation_observations <- observations[,-training_pos]
pos_metadata_training   <- which(metadata$Code %in% names(training_observations))
training_stations       <- stations[pos_metadata_training,]
evaluation_stations     <- stations[-pos_metadata_training,]

Finalmente podemos adoptar el CRS de los productos para los datos vectoriales que contienen la ubicación de las estaciones:

crs(training_stations) <- crs(chirps)
crs(evaluation_stations) <- crs(chirps)

Los siguientes pasos (7.1 y 7.2) nos servirán para calcular las capas espaciales. El Paso 7.1 estará relacionado con las distancias euclideanas, mientras que el paso 7.2, con los valores de longitud y latitud.

Paso 7.1: Para fusionar los productos de precipitación, el DEM y los datos de las estaciones necesitamos las variables espaciales. En este ejemplo calcularemos dos versiones: i) las distancias Euclideanas y ii) capas de longitud y latitud.

Para calcular las distancias Euclideanas, utilizaremos el siguiente código:

euclidean_distances <- list(NULL)
for(i in 1:nrow(training_stations)){
    euclidean_distances[[i]] <- terra::distance(chirps[[1]], training_stations[i,], rasterize=TRUE)
}
euclidean_distances <- rast(euclidean_distances)

Visualizemos las distancias Euclideanas:

plot(euclidean_distances)

Paso 7.2: Para fusionar los productos de precipitación, el DEM y los datos de las estaciones necesitamos las variables espaciales. En este ejemplo calcularemos dos versiones: i) las distancias Euclideanas y ii) capas de longitud y latitud.

Para calcular las distancias Euclideanas, utilizaremos el siguiente código:

a <- chirps[[1]]
values(a) <- 0
latitude <- longitude <- a
coords            <- crds(a)
values(longitude) <- coords[,1]
values(latitude)  <- coords[,2]
coords <- c(longitude, latitude)

Visualizemos las capas de longitud y latitud:

plot(coords)

Paso 8: Ahora prepararemos el ciclo que realizará la fusión para cada día. Como ejemplo, lo realizaremos primero para un solo día.

# Agrupando las covariables
covariates   <- c(chirps[[11]], persiann_cdr[[11]], dem, euclidean_distances)
# Extrayendo los valores para ls estaciones
training_set <- terra::extract(covariates, training_stations)
training_set <- training_set[,-1]
# Definiendo nombres de covariables y insertandolos en covariables y extracciones
cov_names <- c('CHIRPSv2', 'PERSIANN', 'DEM', paste0('ED_', 1:nlyr(euclidean_distances)))
names(training_set) <- cov_names
names(covariates)   <- cov_names
# Agregando valores observados
training_set$observed <- as.numeric(training_observations[11,])
# Entrenando el modelo
rf_model <- randomForest(observed ~ ., data = training_set, ntree = 2000, na.action = na.omit)
# Prediciendo los valires de P
day_prediction <- predict(covariates, rf_model)

Ahora visualicemos la variable generada:

plot(day_prediction)

Ahora realicemos los ciclos para generar los productos. Generaremos 4 productos diferentes: uno con las distancias Euclideanas, otro con las covariables de longitud y latitud, otro sin variables espaciales, y otro sin el DEM. Primero generaremos listas vacias para cada uno de los productos:

rfmep_euclidean <- rfmep_geographical <- rfmep_nospat <- rfmep_nodem <- list()

Distancias Euclideanas

for(i in 1:nrow(training_observations)){
  # Agrupando las covariables
  covariates   <- c(chirps[[i]], persiann_cdr[[i]], dem, euclidean_distances)
  # Extrayendo los valores para ls estaciones
  training_set <- terra::extract(covariates, training_stations)
  training_set <- training_set[,-1]
  # Definiendo nombres de covariables y insertandolos en covariables y extracciones
  cov_names <- c('CHIRPSv2', 'PERSIANN', 'DEM', paste0('ED_', 1:nlyr(euclidean_distances)))
  names(training_set) <- cov_names
  names(covariates)   <- cov_names
  # Agregando valores observados
  training_set$observed <- as.numeric(training_observations[i,])
  # Entrenando el modelo
  rf_model <- randomForest(observed ~ ., data = training_set, ntree = 2000, na.action = na.omit)
  # Prediciendo los valires de P
  rfmep_euclidean[[i]] <- predict(covariates, rf_model)
}

Longitud y Latitud

for(i in 1:nrow(training_observations)){
  # Agrupando las covariables
  covariates   <- c(chirps[[i]], persiann_cdr[[i]], dem, coords)
  # Extrayendo los valores para ls estaciones
  training_set <- terra::extract(covariates, training_stations)
  training_set <- training_set[,-1]
  # Definiendo nombres de covariables y insertandolos en covariables y extracciones
  cov_names <- c('CHIRPSv2', 'PERSIANN', 'DEM', 'Longitude', 'Latitude')
  names(training_set) <- cov_names
  names(covariates)   <- cov_names
  # Agregando valores observados
  training_set$observed <- as.numeric(training_observations[i,])
  # Entrenando el modelo
  rf_model <- randomForest(observed ~ ., data = training_set, ntree = 2000, na.action = na.omit)
  # Prediciendo los valires de P
  rfmep_geographical[[i]] <- predict(covariates, rf_model)
}
## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

Sin covariables espaciales

for(i in 1:nrow(training_observations)){
  # Agrupando las covariables
  covariates   <- c(chirps[[i]], persiann_cdr[[i]], dem)
  # Extrayendo los valores para ls estaciones
  training_set <- terra::extract(covariates, training_stations)
  training_set <- training_set[,-1]
  # Definiendo nombres de covariables y insertandolos en covariables y extracciones
  cov_names <- c('CHIRPSv2', 'PERSIANN', 'DEM')
  names(training_set) <- cov_names
  names(covariates)   <- cov_names
  # Agregando valores observados
  training_set$observed <- as.numeric(training_observations[i,])
  # Entrenando el modelo
  rf_model <- randomForest(observed ~ ., data = training_set, ntree = 2000, na.action = na.omit)
  # Prediciendo los valires de P
  rfmep_nospat[[i]] <- predict(covariates, rf_model)
}
## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

Sin DEM

for(i in 1:nrow(training_observations)){
  # Agrupando las covariables
  covariates   <- c(chirps[[i]], persiann_cdr[[i]])
  # Extrayendo los valores para ls estaciones
  training_set <- terra::extract(covariates, training_stations)
  training_set <- training_set[,-1]
  # Definiendo nombres de covariables y insertandolos en covariables y extracciones
  cov_names <- c('CHIRPSv2', 'PERSIANN')
  names(training_set) <- cov_names
  names(covariates)   <- cov_names
  # Agregando valores observados
  training_set$observed <- as.numeric(training_observations[i,])
  # Entrenando el modelo
  rf_model <- randomForest(observed ~ ., data = training_set, ntree = 2000, na.action = na.omit)
  # Prediciendo los valires de P
  rfmep_nodem[[i]] <- predict(covariates, rf_model)
}
## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

## Warning in randomForest.default(m, y, ...): The response has five or fewer
## unique values.  Are you sure you want to do regression?

Ahora convertiremos las listas en raster stacks usando la función rast.

rfmep_euclidean    <- rast(rfmep_euclidean)
rfmep_geographical <- rast(rfmep_geographical)
rfmep_nospat       <- rast(rfmep_nospat)
rfmep_nodem        <- rast(rfmep_nodem)

Paso 9: utilizaremos el conjunto de datos de evaluación de observaciones de estaciones de medición de precipitación para evaluar el rendimiento de los productos con observaciones que no se utilizaron en el procedimiento de fusión.

Visualicemos una capa de cada producto:

to_visualise <- c(rfmep_euclidean[[11]], rfmep_geographical[[11]],
                  rfmep_nospat[[11]], rfmep_nodem[[11]])
names(to_visualise) <- c('Euclideanas', 'Lon Lat', 'Sin Espacial', 'Sin DEM')
plot(to_visualise)

Primero, compararemos los productos RF-MEP (y los dos productos de precipitación utilizados como covariables) con los datos de las estaciones de lluvia del conjunto de evaluación. Para extraer los valores de precipitación de RF-MEP en las ubicaciones de las estaciones, utilizaremos la función extract del paquete terra:

rfmep_euclidean_ts    <- t(terra::extract(rfmep_euclidean, evaluation_stations))[-1,]
rfmep_geographical_ts <- t(terra::extract(rfmep_geographical, evaluation_stations))[-1,]
rfmep_nospat_ts       <- t(terra::extract(rfmep_nospat, evaluation_stations))[-1,]
rfmep_nodem_ts        <- t(terra::extract(rfmep_nodem, evaluation_stations))[-1,]
chirps_ts             <- t(terra::extract(chirps, evaluation_stations))[-1,]
persiann_ts           <- t(terra::extract(persiann_cdr, evaluation_stations))[-1,]

Ahora realizaremos una evaluación similar a la que hicimos en el Módulo 6 para evaluar el rendimiento de los productos de precipitación:

products  <- list(chirps_ts, persiann_ts, rfmep_nodem_ts, rfmep_nospat_ts, 
                  rfmep_geographical_ts, rfmep_euclidean_ts)
nproducts <- length(products)
nstations <- ncol(evaluation_observations)
tmp       <- rep(NA, nstations)
kges      <- data.frame(ID=evaluation_stations[["Code"]], CHIRPS=tmp, PERSIANN_CDR=tmp, 
                       RF_MEP_NODEM=tmp, RF_MEP_NOSPAT=tmp, RF_MEP_LONLAT=tmp,
                        RF_MEP_EUCLUDEAN=tmp)

for (i in 1:nproducts) {
  ldates        <- time(evaluation_observations)
  lsim          <- zoo(products[[i]], ldates)
  kges[, (i+1)] <- hydroGOF::KGE(sim= lsim, obs= evaluation_observations, method="2012")
}

Ahora podemos visualizar los resultados:

print(kges)
##       Code    CHIRPS PERSIANN_CDR RF_MEP_NODEM RF_MEP_NOSPAT RF_MEP_LONLAT
## 1 P5100006 0.4343143   0.24604513    0.5808056     0.6561047     0.7510002
## 2 P5100005 0.3043642  -0.06345853    0.3587368     0.4377994     0.5896185
## 3 P5220007 0.3571283   0.34894284    0.8792880     0.8556927     0.8785673
## 4 P5421005 0.1321362   0.28892582    0.6635954     0.6903906     0.7852410
## 5 P5425003 0.1936149   0.20503042    0.7575962     0.7648445     0.7904750
## 6 P5410006 0.4061480   0.29311878    0.7616719     0.7988533     0.8126244
## 7 P5510001 0.2054815   0.22079580    0.7106723     0.7720081     0.8677083
##   RF_MEP_EUCLUDEAN
## 1        0.8176985
## 2        0.7593823
## 3        0.8618986
## 4        0.7265452
## 5        0.8730328
## 6        0.7679620
## 7        0.7870761

Finalmente, se generará un boxplot que compare el desempeño, en términos de KGE’, del producto fusionado en comparación con los productos originales utilizados como covariables.

sres_cols <- c("cyan", "purple", "orange" "powderblue", "palegoldenrod", "mediumseagreen")
boxplot(kges[,2:7], main = "Evaluación de KGE para enero - agosto de 1983",
xlab = "Productos de precipitación", ylab = "KGE'", ylim = c(0, 1), col=sres_cols)
grid()
legend("topleft", legend=c("CHIRPS", "PERSIANN-CDR", "RF-MEP"), col=sres_cols,
pch=15, cex=1.5, bty="n")
grid()

Curso II – SISSA

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación con datos in-situ

Objetivo y contenido

Objetivo y contenido

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación

Fusión de Productos de Precipitación

Consideraciones

Consideraciones

Metodología

Ejemplo de fusión de productos de precipitación con datos de estaciones

Ejemplo

Distancias Euclideanas

Longitud y Latitud

Sin covariables espaciales

Sin DEM

¡Gracias por su atención!